qdrant-vector-search

High-performance vector similarity search engine for RAG and semantic search. Use when building production RAG systems requiring fast nearest neighbor search, hybrid search with filtering, or scalable vector storage with Rust-powered performance.

# Qdrant - Vector Similarity Search Engine

High-performance vector database written in Rust for production RAG and semantic search.

## When to use Qdrant

**Use Qdrant when:**
- Building production RAG systems requiring low latency
- Need hybrid search (vectors + metadata filtering)
- Require horizontal scaling with sharding/replication
- Want on-premise deployment with full data control
- Need multi-vector storage per record (dense + sparse)
- Building real-time recommendation systems

**Key features:**
- **Rust-powered**: Memory-safe, high performance
- **Rich filtering**: Filter by any payload field during search
- **Multiple vectors**: Dense, sparse, multi-dense per point
- **Quantization**: Scalar, product, binary for memory efficiency
- **Distributed**: Raft consensus, sharding, replication
- **REST + gRPC**: Both APIs with full feature parity

**Use alternatives instead:**
- **Chroma**: Simpler setup, embedded use cases
- **FAISS**: Maximum raw speed, research/batch processing
- **Pinecone**: Fully managed, zero ops preferred
- **Weaviate**: GraphQL preference, built-in vectorizers

## Quick start

### Installation

```bash
# Python client
pip install qdrant-client

# Docker (recommended for development)
docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 qdrant/qdrant

# Docker with persistent storage
docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 \
    -v $(pwd)/qdrant_storage:/qdrant/storage \
    qdrant/qdrant
```

### Basic usage

```python
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
from qdrant_client.models import Distance, VectorParams, PointStruct

# Connect to Qdrant
client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)

# Create collection
client.create_collection(
    collection_name="documents",
    vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
)

# Insert vectors with payload
client.upsert(
    collection_name="documents",
    points=[
        PointStruct(
            id=1,
            vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],  # 384-dim vector
            payload={"title": "Doc 1", "category": "tech"}
        ),
        PointStruct(
            id=2,
            vector=[0.3, 0.4, ...],
            payload={"title": "Doc 2", "category": "science"}
        )
    ]
)

# Search with filtering
results = client.search(
    collection_name="documents",
    query_vector=[0.15, 0.25, ...],
    query_filter={
        "must": [{"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}}]
    },
    limit=10
)

for point in results:
    print(f"ID: {point.id}, Score: {point.score}, Payload: {point.payload}")
```

## Core concepts

### Points - Basic data unit

```python
from qdrant_client.models import PointStruct

# Point = ID + Vector(s) + Payload
point = PointStruct(
    id=123,                              # Integer or UUID string
    vector=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ...],        # Dense vector
    payload={                            # Arbitrary JSON metadata
        "title": "Document title",
        "category": "tech",
        "timestamp": 1699900000,
        "tags": ["python", "ml"]
    }
)

# Batch upsert (recommended)
client.upsert(
    collection_name="documents",
    points=[point1, point2, point3],
    wait=True  # Wait for indexing
)
```

### Collections - Vector containers

```python
from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, HnswConfigDiff

# Create with HNSW configuration
client.create_collection(
    collection_name="documents",
    vectors_config=VectorParams(
        size=384,                        # Vector dimensions
        distance=Distance.COSINE         # COSINE, EUCLID, DOT, MANHATTAN
    ),
    hnsw_config=HnswConfigDiff(
        m=16,                            # Connections per node (default 16)
        ef_construct=100,                # Build-time accuracy (default 100)
        full_scan_threshold=10000        # Switch to brute force below this
    ),
    on_disk_payload=True                 # Store payload on disk
)

# Collection info
info = client.get_collection("documents")
print(f"Points: {info.points_count}, Vectors: {info.vectors_count}")
```

### Distance metrics

| Metric | Use Case | Range |
|--------|----------|-------|
| `COSINE` | Text embeddings, normalized vectors | 0 to 2 |
| `EUCLID` | Spatial data, image features | 0 to ∞ |
| `DOT` | Recommendations, unnormalized | -∞ to ∞ |
| `MANHATTAN` | Sparse features, discrete data | 0 to ∞ |

## Search operations

### Basic search

```python
# Simple nearest neighbor search
results = client.search(
    collection_name="documents",
    query_vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
    limit=10,
    with_payload=True,
    with_vectors=False  # Don't return vectors (faster)
)
```

### Filtered search

```python
from qdrant_client.models import Filter, FieldCondition, MatchValue, Range

# Complex filtering
results = client.search(
    collection_name="documents",
    query_vector=query_embedding,
    query_filter=Filter(
        must=[
            FieldCondition(key="category", match=MatchValue(value="tech")),
            FieldCondition(key="timestamp", range=Range(gte=1699000000))
        ],
        must_not=[
            FieldCondition(key="status", match=MatchValue(value="archived"))
        ]
    ),
    limit=10
)

# Shorthand filter syntax
results = client.search(
    collection_name="documents",
    query_vector=query_embedding,
    query_filter={
        "must": [
            {"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}},
            {"key": "price", "range": {"gte": 10, "lte": 100}}
        ]
    },
    limit=10
)
```

### Batch search

```python
from qdrant_client.models import SearchRequest

# Multiple queries in one request
results = client.search_batch(
    collection_name="documents",
    requests=[
        SearchRequest(vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5),
        SearchRequest(vector=[0.2, ...], limit=5, filter={"must": [...]}),
        SearchRequest(vector=[0.3, ...], limit=10)
    ]
)
```

## RAG integration

### With sentence-transformers

```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, PointStruct

# Initialize
encoder = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)

# Create collection
client.create_collection(
    collection_name="knowledge_base",
    vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
)

# Index documents
documents = [
    {"id": 1, "text": "Python is a programming language", "source": "wiki"},
    {"id": 2, "text": "Machine learning uses algorithms", "source": "textbook"},
]

points = [
    PointStruct(
        id=doc["id"],
        vector=encoder.encode(doc["text"]).tolist(),
        payload={"text": doc["text"], "source": doc["source"]}
    )
    for doc in documents
]
client.upsert(collection_name="knowledge_base", points=points)

# RAG retrieval
def retrieve(query: str, top_k: int = 5) -> list[dict]:
    query_vector = encoder.encode(query).tolist()
    results = client.search(
        collection_name="knowledge_base",
        query_vector=query_vector,
        limit=top_k
    )
    return [{"text": r.payload["text"], "score": r.score} for r in results]

# Use in RAG pipeline
context = retrieve("What is Python?")
prompt = f"Context: {context}\n\nQuestion: What is Python?"
```

### With LangChain

```python
from langchain_community.vectorstores import Qdrant
from langchain_community.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings

embeddings = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name="all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
vectorstore = Qdrant.from_documents(documents, embeddings, url="http://localhost:6333", collection_name="docs")
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 5})
```

### With LlamaIndex

```python
from llama_index.vector_stores.qdrant import QdrantVectorStore
from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex, StorageContext

vector_store = QdrantVectorStore(client=client, collection_name="llama_docs")
storage_context = StorageContext.from_defaults(vector_store=vector_store)
index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(doc