capacitor

Comprehensive Capacitor expert skill that consolidates core concepts, CLI usage, app creation, plugin management, framework integration, cross-platform best practices, storage, security, testing, troubleshooting, upgrading, and Capawesome Cloud workflows (live updates, native builds, app store publishing). Use as a single-source reference for Capacitor app and plugin development.

# Capacitor

Comprehensive reference for building cross-platform apps with Capacitor. Covers architecture, CLI, plugins, framework integration, best practices, and Capawesome Cloud.

## Core Concepts

Capacitor is a cross-platform native runtime for building web apps that run natively on iOS, Android, and the web. The web app runs in a native WebView, and Capacitor provides a bridge to native APIs via plugins.

### Architecture

A Capacitor app has three layers:

1. **Web layer** -- HTML/CSS/JS app running inside a native WebView (WKWebView on iOS, Android System WebView on Android).
2. **Native bridge** -- Serializes JS plugin calls, routes them to native code, and returns results as Promises.
3. **Native layer** -- Swift/ObjC (iOS) and Kotlin/Java (Android) code implementing native functionality.

Data passed across the bridge must be JSON-serializable. Pass files as paths, not base64.

### Project Structure

```
my-app/
  android/                  # Native Android project (committed to VCS)
  ios/                      # Native iOS project (committed to VCS)
    App/
      App/                  # iOS app source files
      App.xcodeproj/
  src/                      # Web app source code
  dist/ or www/ or build/   # Built web assets
  capacitor.config.ts       # Capacitor configuration
  package.json
```

The `android/` and `ios/` directories are full native projects -- they are committed to version control and can be modified directly.

### Capacitor Config

`capacitor.config.ts` (preferred) or `capacitor.config.json` controls app behavior:

```typescript
import type { CapacitorConfig } from '@capacitor/cli';

const config: CapacitorConfig = {
  appId: 'com.example.app',
  appName: 'My App',
  webDir: 'dist',
  server: {
    // androidScheme: 'https', // default in Cap 6+
  },
};

export default config;
```

For details, see [App Configuration](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-app-development/references/app-configuration.md).

## Creating a New App

### Quick Start

```bash
# 1. Create a web app (React example with Vite)
npm create vite@latest my-app -- --template react-ts
cd my-app && npm install

# 2. Install Capacitor
npm install @capacitor/core
npm install -D @capacitor/cli

# 3. Initialize Capacitor
npx cap init "My App" com.example.myapp --web-dir dist

# 4. Build web assets
npm run build

# 5. Add platforms
npm install @capacitor/android @capacitor/ios
npx cap add android
npx cap add ios

# 6. Sync and run
npx cap sync
npx cap run android
npx cap run ios
```

**Web asset directories by framework:**
- Angular: `dist/<project-name>/browser` (Angular 17+ with application builder)
- React (Vite): `dist`
- Vue (Vite): `dist`
- Vanilla: `www`

For the full guided creation flow, see [capacitor-app-creation](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-app-creation/SKILL.md).

## Capacitor CLI

All commands: `npx cap <command>`. Most important commands:

| Command | Purpose |
| ------- | ------- |
| `npx cap init <name> <id>` | Initialize Capacitor in a project |
| `npx cap add <platform>` | Add Android or iOS platform |
| `npx cap sync` | Copy web assets + update native dependencies (run after every plugin install, config change, or web build) |
| `npx cap copy` | Copy web assets only (faster, no native dependency update) |
| `npx cap run <platform>` | Build, sync, and deploy to device/emulator |
| `npx cap run <platform> -l --external` | Run with live reload |
| `npx cap open <platform>` | Open native project in IDE |
| `npx cap build <platform>` | Build native project |
| `npx cap doctor` | Diagnose configuration issues |
| `npx cap ls` | List installed plugins |
| `npx cap migrate` | Automated upgrade to newer Capacitor version |

For the full CLI reference, see [CLI Reference](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-app-development/references/cli.md).

## Framework Integration

Capacitor works with any web framework. Framework-specific patterns:

### Angular

- Wrap Capacitor plugins in Angular services for DI and testability.
- Plugin event listeners run outside NgZone -- always wrap callbacks in `NgZone.run()`.
- Register listeners in `ngOnInit`, remove in `ngOnDestroy`.

For details, see [capacitor-angular](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-angular/SKILL.md).

### React

- Create custom hooks (`useCamera`, `useNetwork`) that wrap Capacitor plugins.
- Use `useEffect` for listener registration with cleanup to prevent memory leaks.
- React 18 strict mode double-mounts -- ensure cleanup functions work correctly.

For details, see [capacitor-react](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-react/SKILL.md).

### Vue

- Create composables (`useCamera`, `useNetwork`) using Vue 3 Composition API.
- Register listeners in `onMounted`, remove in `onUnmounted`.
- Vue reactivity picks up `ref` changes automatically (no NgZone equivalent needed).

For details, see [capacitor-vue](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-vue/SKILL.md).

## Plugins

Plugins are Capacitor's extension mechanism. Each plugin exposes a JS API backed by native implementations.

### Plugin Sources

- **Official** (`@capacitor/*`) -- Camera, Filesystem, Geolocation, Preferences, etc.
- **Capawesome** (`@capawesome/*`, `@capawesome-team/*`) -- SQLite, NFC, Biometrics, Live Update, etc.
- **Community** (`@capacitor-community/*`) -- AdMob, BLE, SQLite, Stripe, etc.
- **Firebase** (`@capacitor-firebase/*`) -- Analytics, Auth, Messaging, Firestore, etc.
- **MLKit** (`@capacitor-mlkit/*`) -- Barcode scanning, face detection, translation.
- **RevenueCat** (`@revenuecat/purchases-capacitor`) -- In-app purchases.

### Installing a Plugin

```bash
npm install @capacitor/camera
npx cap sync
```

After installation, apply any required platform configuration (permissions in `AndroidManifest.xml`, `Info.plist` entries, etc.) as documented by the plugin.

### Using a Plugin

```typescript
import { Camera, CameraResultType } from '@capacitor/camera';

const photo = await Camera.getPhoto({
  quality: 90,
  resultType: CameraResultType.Uri,
});
```

For the full plugin index (160+ plugins) and setup guides, see [capacitor-plugins](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-plugins/SKILL.md).

## Plugin Development

Create custom Capacitor plugins with native iOS (Swift) and Android (Java/Kotlin) implementations:

1. Scaffold with `npm init @capacitor/plugin@latest`.
2. Define the TypeScript API in `src/definitions.ts`.
3. Implement the web layer in `src/web.ts`.
4. Implement iOS plugin in `ios/Sources/`.
5. Implement Android plugin in `android/src/main/java/`.
6. Verify with `npm run verify`.

Key rules:
- The `registerPlugin()` name in `src/index.ts` must match `jsName` on iOS and `@CapacitorPlugin(name = "...")` on Android.
- iOS methods need `@objc` and must be listed in `pluginMethods` (CAPBridgedPlugin).
- Android methods need `@PluginMethod()` annotation and must be `public`.

For full details, see [capacitor-plugin-development](https://github.com/capawesome-team/skills/blob/main/skills/capacitor-plugin-development/SKILL.md).

## Cross-Platform Best Practices

### Platform Detection

```typescript
import { Capacitor } from '@capacitor/core';

const platform = Capacitor.getPlatform(); // 'android' | 'ios' | 'web'
if (Capacitor.isNativePlatform()) { /* native-only code */ }
if (Capacitor.isPluginAvailable('Camera')) { /* plugin available */ }
```

### Permissions

Follow the check-then-request pattern:

```typescript
const status = await Camera.checkPermissions();
if (status.camera !== 'granted') {
  const requested = await Camera.requestPermissions();
  if (requested.camera === 'denied') {
    // Guide user to app settings -- cannot re-request on iOS
    return;
  }
}
const photo = await Camera.getPhoto({ ... });
```

### Performance

- **Minimize bridge calls** -- batch operations instead